Higher education in the United States. Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education, also referred to as post- secondary education, third stage, third level, or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,7. Title IV degree- granting institutions, either colleges or universities in the country. High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet, such as massive open online courses, competency- based education, cutbacks in state spending, rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans. Many combine some or all of the above, being a comprehensive university. In the US, the term . Unlike colleges versus universities in other portions of the world, a stand- alone college is truly stand- alone and is not part of a university, and is also not affiliated with an affiliating university. Almost all colleges and universities are coeducational. During a dramatic transition in the 1. Over 8. 0 percent of the women's colleges of 1. Over 1. 00 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) operate, both private (such as Morehouse College) and public (such as Florida A& M). Higher education created accreditation organizations independent of the government to vouch for the quality of their degree. The accreditation agencies rate universities and colleges on criteria such as academic quality, the quality of their libraries, the publishing records of their faculty, and the degrees which their faculty hold, and their financial solvency. Nonaccredited institutions exist, such as Bible colleges, but the students are not eligible for federal loans. Community colleges are often though not always two- year colleges. They have open admissions, with generally lower tuition than other state or private schools. Graduates receive the associate's degree such as an Associate of Arts (A. A.). Many students earn an associate degree at a two- year institution before transferring to a four- year institution for another two years to earn a bachelor's degree. They are either primarily undergraduate institutions (i. Liberal Arts Colleges) or the undergraduate institution of a university (such as Harvard College and Yale College). Liberal arts colleges. They traditionally emphasize interactive instruction although research is still a component. They are known for being residential and for having smaller enrollment, class size, and higher teacher- student ratios than universities. These colleges encourage a high level of teacher- student interaction at the center of which are classes taught by full- time faculty rather than graduate student teaching assistants (TAs), who teach classes at some Research I universities and other universities. Some offer experimental curricula, such as Hampshire College, Beloit College, Bard College at Simon's Rock, Pitzer College, Sarah Lawrence College, Grinnell College, Bennington College, New College of Florida, and Reed College. Universities. For historical reasons, some universities such as Boston College, Dartmouth College, and The College of William & Mary and College of Charleston have retained the term . Graduate programs grant a variety of master's degrees (like the Master of Arts (M. A.), Master of Science (M. S.), Master of Business Administration (M. B. A.) or Master of Fine Arts (M. F. A.)) in addition to doctorates such as the Ph. Eligibility and Application Overview. Program participants are recruited and nominated by Public Affairs Sections (PAS) of U.S. Embassies and Consulates, and in some cases, Fulbright Commissions around the world. D. The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education distinguishes among institutions on the basis of the prevalence of degrees they grant and considers the granting of master's degrees necessary, though not sufficient, for an institution to be classified as a university. Examples include journalism school, business school, medical schools which award either the M. D. A common practice is to refer to different units within universities as colleges or schools, what is referred to outside the U. S. Some colleges may be divided into departments, including an anthropology department within a college of liberal arts and sciences within a larger university. Few universities adopt the term . AFS Intercultural Programs (or AFS, originally the American Field Service) is an international youth exchange organization. Worldwide, AFS is a group of over 50 independent, not-for-profit organizations called partners, each.For example, Purdue University is composed of multiple colleges. Of these Purdue breaks the College of Agriculture down into departments, such as the Department of Agronomy or the Department of Entomology, whereas Purdue breaks down the College of Engineering into schools, such as the School of Electrical Engineering, which enrolls more students than some of its colleges do. As is common in this scheme, Purdue categorizes both its undergraduate students (and faculty and programs) and its post- graduate students (and faculty and programs) via this scheme of decomposition, being a topical decomposition that focuses on an academic sector of directly related academic disciplines. The American university system is largely decentralized. Public universities are administered by the individual states and territories, usually as part of a state university system. Except for the United States service academies and staff colleges, the federal government does not directly regulate universities. However it can offer federal grants and any institution that receives federal funds must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program that meets regulations. California, for example, has three public higher education systems: the 1. University of California, the 2.
California State University, and the 1. California Community Colleges System. Public universities often have a large student body, with introductory classes numbering in the hundreds and some undergraduate classes taught by graduate students. Tribal colleges operated on Indian reservations by some federally recognized tribes are also public institutions. Many private universities also exist. Among these, some are secular while others are involved in religious education. Some are non- denominational and some are affiliated with a certain sect or church, such as Roman Catholicism (with different institutions often sponsored by particular religious institutes such as the Jesuits) or religions such as Lutheranism or Mormonism. Seminaries are private institutions for those preparing to become members of the clergy. Most private schools (like all public schools) are non- profit, although some are for- profit. Student funding. Several states offer scholarships that allow students to attend free of tuition or at lower cost, for example HOPE Scholarship in Georgia and Bright Futures Scholarship Program in Florida. A considerable number of private liberal arts colleges and universities offer full need- based financial aid, which means that admitted students will only have to pay as much as their families can afford (based on the university's assessment of their income). Universities with exceptionally large endowments may combine need- based financial aid with need- blind admission, in which students who require financial aid have equal chances to those who do not. Grant programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that does not need to be paid back, while loan programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that must be paid back. Public higher education institutions (which are partially funded through state government appropriation) and private higher education institutions (which are funded exclusively through tuition and private donations) offer both grant and loan financial assistance programs. Grants to attend public schools are distributed through federal and state governments, as well as through the schools themselves; grants to attend private schools are distributed through the school itself (independent organizations, such as charities or corporations also offer grants that can be applied to both public and private higher education institutions). Most state governments provide need- based scholarship programs, a few also offering merit- based aid. The federal government also has two other grants that are a combination of need- based and merit- based: the Academic Competitiveness Grant, and the National SMART Grant, but the SMART grant was abolished in 2. June 2. 01. 1. In order to receive one of these grants a student must be eligible for the Pell Grant, meet specific academic requirements, and be a US citizen. The intent of need- based financial aid is to close the gap between the required cost to pay for the higher education and the money that is available to pay for the education. The intent of merit- based financial aid is to encourage and reward students who exhibit these qualities with attendance at a school of higher education through the financial incentive. Not only does merit- based assistance benefit the student, but the benefit is seen as reciprocal for the educational institution itself, as students who exhibit exceptional qualities are able to enhance the development of the school itself. Financial aid has also been found to be linked to increased enrollment. A study conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that an increased availability of any amount financial aid amounts to increased enrollment rates. Evidence also suggests that access to financial aids also increases both . Further benefit has been noted with academic- based scholarships, augmenting the effects of financial aid by incentivizing the scholarship with performance- based requirements. In general these can be divided into two categories: federal student loans and private student loans. Federal student loans. There are five kinds of student loans available through the government: Perkins Loans, subsidized Stafford Loans, unsubsidized Stafford Loans, direct loans, and PLUS loans. A student's eligibility for any of these loans, as well as the amount of the loan itself is determined by information on the student's FAFSA. The interest rate and whether or not interest accrues on the loan while the student is in school depends of the type of Federal loan. Private student loans.
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